Lithium uses and mine area

CHAPTER No 1 Human Organ Systems 1. Salivary glands produce saliva which keep mouth wet. 2. Saliva contains enzyme ptyalin, which help in digestion of carbohydrates in mouth. 3. Esophagus is a long tube open into stomach. 4. Stomach is thick wall, sac like structure. 5. Wall of stomach secretes HCI and enzyme pepsin which help in digestion of protein. 6. Small intestine is long, narrow and coiled tube, six to eight meters long. 7. First part of small intestine is called duodenum which is 30 cm long here digestive juices from liver, pancreas meet to the semi digested food. 8. Second part of small intestine called jejunum. 9. Last part is called ileum, having finger like projections present called villi. 10. The digested food is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. 11. Villi absorb nutrients and enter them to blood. 12. In large intestine, undigested food is stored. 13. Water is reabsorbed and waste remove through anus. 14. Vitamin K is synthesized in large intestine by useful bacteria. 15. Appendix is not involved in digestion. 16. Liver secretes bile and emulsifies fats. 17. Pancreas produces pancreatic juice help in digestion of lipid, protein and carbohydrates. 18. The mechanical breakdown of food occurs in the mouth and stomach. 19. Break down of food mechanically done by stomach and teeth also called physical digestion. 20. Chemically digestion done by different enzymes. 21. Larynx also called sound box. 22. Upper part of trachea is connected with pharynx through an opening called glottis. 23. A cartilaginous flap cover glottis called epiglottis. 24. During swallowing, glottis is covered by epiglottis while during inhalation it remains open. 25. In thoracic cavity, trachea divides into two bronchus. 26. The alternative name of trachea is wind pipe. 27. Bronchus enter into lungs divide into bronchioles, bronchioles open into air sacs called alveoli. 28. Lungs are pair of hollow, spongy organs. 29. Lungs have about 700 million alveoli. 30. Thick muscular membrane, called diaphragm separate lungs from abdominal cavity 31. Mechanism of inhalation: 1. Diaphragm dome shape in relax state 2. Diaphragm contract 3. Rib muscles contract & ribcage move upward 4. Increase size of chest cavity, & lungs expand 5. Air pressure within alveoli lowers 32. Mechanism of exhalation: 1. Diaphragm relax 2. Ribcage moves down and inward 3. Lungs contract due to high pressure & air pushed outward. 33. Chemical breakdown of food to release energy is called respiration. 34. Respiration takes place as much lower temperature, as compared to combustion 35. Energy released in combustion in the form of heat, while in respiration energy released in form of ATP. 36. When both lungs are infected due to pneumonia, called double pneumonia. 37. TB is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis commonly effect lungs. 38. TB bacteria also cause effect on central nervous system (Disease caused meningitis), lymphatic system, and urinogenital system. 39. Sanatorium is a hospital for TB patients. 40. 9 months medication given to TB patients. 41. Cancer is an uncontrolled cell division. 42. Cell of cancer can break away from the original tumor and spread to other parts of body called metastasis. 43. About 90% cancer caused by tobacco use. 44. Cigarette smoke contains 4,000 chemicals. 45. Along tobacco use, air pollution is another cause of cancer. CHAPTER No 2 Transport System in Human and Plants 1. In unicellular and less complex organisms transport of materials occur through diffusion. 2. Heart is a pumping organ present in chest cavity above diaphragm. 3. Heart is protected by pericardium. 4. Heart has cardiac muscles. 5. The blood from the heart is transported to all the parts of body by the arteries. 6. Auricles are smaller and thin, while ventricles are larger and thick. 7. Arteries carry blood away from heart. 8. Veins bring blood towards heart. 9. Largest artery is called aorta while largest vein is vena cava. 10. Right auricle receives deoxygenated blood from body through vena cava. 11. From right auricle blood enter into right ventricle through tricuspid valve. 12. When heart contract, deoxygenated blood from right ventricle pump into lungs through pulmonary artery. 13. Through pulmonary vein oxygenated blood from lungs enter into left auricle. 14. Oxygenated blood from left auricle enters into left ventricle by bicuspid valve. 15. Oxygenated blood from left ventricle pushed into aorta and distributed to whole body. 16. Blood absorb oxygen from lungs. 17. ECG tells us about internal condition of heart. 18. Pacemaker present in right atrium. 19. Food is prepared in leaves which are stored in vacuole of the leaves. 20. Synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in leaves. 21. Transport of water from roots in the plants take place through xylem 22. Phloem vessels start from leaves, while xylem vessels start from root. 23. Mesophyll cells in leaves absorb gases. 24. The evaporation of water from leaves is called transpiration. CHAPTER No.3. Reproduction in Plants 1. Amphibians, fishes and many invertebrates lay eggs in water which hatch into larvae. 2. Sponges and coelenterates show asexual reproduction. 3. Asexual reproduction in plants done by budding, cutting and layering. 4. Potato is asexually produced through tubes 5. Sepals also known as calyx are green leaf like parts which protect inner parts in bud condition. 6. Sepal is not a reproductive structure. 7. Petals also called corolla are brightly colored leaves attract insects. 8. Stamen also called androecium and male organ of flower. 9. Stamen consists of anther and filament. 10. Anther is filled with male cells called pollen grains 11. Carpels also called gynoecium is the female organ of flower. 12. Carpel consists of swollen basal part called ovary in which female cell ovule are present. 13. Neck of ovary is called style and upper expanded part is called stigma. 14. For pollination the plants must be of same species. 15. Cross pollination produces stronger plants. 16. Cross pollination is brought about by different agents called pollinators. 17. Self pollination occurs between same or different flowers of the same plant. 18. There are about 200,000 varieties of animal pollinators. 19. Nectar present in nectarines. 20. Wind pollinated pollens are light and bear wings e.g. grass species, sweet chestnuts, conifers etc. 21. As pollen grain reach stigma, a pollen tube arise and pass through style enter into ovary , nucleus of pollen grain fuse with the nucleus of ovule, fertilization occur. 22. After fertilization, ovary enlarges and form fruit. 23. The ovarian wall becomes fruit wall called pericarp. 24. The ovules become seed. 25. Fruit is ripened ovary of plant. 26. reproduction of plants takes place by pollination. 27. Walls of ovary store food. CHAPTER No.4. Environment and Feeding Relationships 1. Everything which is present in surrounding of a living organism is called environment. 2. An ecosystem is the basic functional unit of environment. 3. Ecology is called as environmental biology. 4. An area where living organisms interact with each other and with their physical (nonliving) environment is called ecology. 5. Ecosystem is the basic unit of ecology. 6. Living place of an organism is called habitat. 7. Ecosystem may be big like a desert and very small like aquarium. 8. Primary consumers directly feed on plants e.g. cow, goat, rabbit, deer, elephant, horse etc. 9. Animals which eat flesh of herbivores if called secondary consumers e.g. lion, tiger, spider etc. 10. The meat eaters are also known as carnivores. 11. Those animals which feed on secondary consumers called tertiary consumers or omnivores e.g. human beings, bear, sparrow etc. 12. Bat, cat, dog are active during night time to avoid food competition. 13. In winter most cold blooded animals disappear because they hibernate. 14. Frogs reproduce in rainy seasons. 15. Flow of energy from plants to animals appears in chain form called food chain. 16. Food chains: Grass Goat lion Grass Cow Man Leaves Insect Birds Cat, Aquatic plants Insects larvae Frog Small fish Large fish Man 17. Place of an organism in a food chain is called trophic level. 18. First food chain has three trophic levels and fourth chain has six trophic levels. 19. Energy is highest in beginning and gradually becomes lesser down the food chain. 20. Shorter the food chain, greater will be the energy available. 21. Many food chains unite to make a food web. 22. A fox eat rabbits, but also catch beetles, rats and sometime birds. CHAPTER No. 5. Water 1.Percentage of water on earth surface is about 70%. 2. 97.4% of the world total water constitutes oceans which is not drinkable due to large amount of salts. 3. 2.6% of world's water is fresh, which is consisting of ground water (0.592%), ice caps and glaciers (1.984%) and readily accessible water (0.014%). 4. Pesticides and fertilizers are the source of agriculture waste. 5. Water having calcium magnesium and sodium metals are make water resistant to soap is called hard water. 6. Distillation is a technique of filtration. 7. Distillation is a process in which volatile substances are separated from non volatile substances. 8. Distillation consists of two processes boiling and condensation. 9. Coagulation means special compounds to remove dirt particles from water. 10. Chlorine gas kills bacteria germs from water. 11. Suspended particles from drinking water are removed by potash alum. CHAPTER No. 9. Dispersion of Light 1. When light enters from one medium into another it bends slightly from its original path. This is called refraction of light. 2. Refraction occur because of difference in the speed of light in the two media. 3. The medium in which light travel faster is called rarer medium whereas the medium in which light travels slower is called denser medium. 4. Air is rarer than water and glass. 5. When light goes from air into glass, it bend towards the normal at the interface thus angle of refraction is smaller than angle of incidence. 6. When light leaves the glass, it bends away from normal thus angle of refraction is greater than angle of incidence. 7. The general law of refraction is that when light travel from rarer medium to denser medium it bends towards normal. Conversely, when light travel from denser to rarer medium it bends away from normal. 8. If the incidence ray falls normally to the surface of glass slab, then there is no bending of ray of light and it goes straight 9. Speed of light in air is 3910 power eight m/s. 10. Speed of light in glass is 29 10 power eight m/s. 11. Refractive index of a medium gives an indication of light bending ability to that medium. 12. Refractive index of glass is greater than water. Refractive index is usually represented by 'n’. 14. Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is called refractive index of that medium. 15. Refractive index of glass is 1.5. 16. Refractive index of some substances: Air 1.00003, ice 1.31, water 1.33, alcohol 1.36, sulphuric acid 1.43, kerosene 1.44, benzene 1.50, crown glass 1.52 carbon disulphide 1.63, dense flint glass 1.65, ruby 1.71, sapphire 1.77, diamond 2.42. 17. The angle the ray makes with the normal inside the glass is called critical angle. 18. If the ray hit the surface at an angle greater than the critical angle, then all of the light is reflected. This is called total internal reflection. 19. In the deserts' mirage is seen due to total internal reflection. 20. Periscope is long tube at the two ends of which are adjusted to two totally reflected prisms. The rays of light from an object are totally reflected through an angle of 90° by each prism. These are used in tanks and submarines. 21. In 1665, Newton discovered that white light consist of seven colors. 22. Seven colors of spectrum denoted by VIBGYOR. 23. Splitting up of white light into seven colors on passing through transparent medium like glass prism is called dispersion of light. 24. Rainbow is produced by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny ratio drops suspended in the air 25. Red, green and blue are primary colors of light. 26. Red and blue color makes magenta. 27. Blue and green color makes cyan blue color. 28. Red and green color makes yellow. 29. Red, green and blue color makes white color. 30. Yellow and blue makes white color. 31. Red and blue cyan makes white color. 32. Green and magenta makes white color. 33. Any two colors which make white color is called complementary colors. CHAPTER No.10 Sound Waves